What is it?Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease from the endocrine group.In all patients, the inadequate absorption of glucose occurs, leading to the insulin insufficiency of the hormone, which can be relative or absolute.
What should be the food?A balanced diet, including large amounts of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low -fat proteins and healthy fats, can help people with diabetes control blood sugar levels.
General Rules of Power of Diabetes
Nowadays, the incidence of diabetes is one of the most urgent problems of medicine.Statistics show that the number of diagnosed patients has doubled since 2013.Currently, more than 425 million people suffer from it.Unfortunately, the forecast is sad.After 10-12 years, the number of patients in the world will be 629 million.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease from the endocrine group.In all patients, the inadequate absorption of glucose occurs, leading to the insulin insufficiency of the hormone, which can be relative or absolute.
As a result, patients develop hyperglycemia characterized by persistent high blood sugar.Diabetes mellitus leads to a violation of each type of metabolism, namely carbohydrate, fat, protein, mineral and water.
It is worth noting for the reasons for the disease.When a person's destructive or pancreatic cells are killed, type 1 diabetes mellitus begins to advance.Most often, there is absolute insulin deficiency in this situation.Genetics can play a role here, as well as various external factors - food habits, viral diseases, violation of hygiene principles, etc.
In the case of second type of diabetes, insulin resistance develops.Within this type, insulin deficiency is relative.It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia.
Regardless of the type of disease, blood glucose levels increase.Cells lack carbohydrates due to glucose resistance.That is, glucose, instead of going into the cage, only swims in the blood.
All patients with diabetes should adhere to the diet prescribed by the doctor.The patient should reduce carbohydrate load by 5-7 %and increase the amount of fat used.
Not so long ago, the power of diabetes was a complete exclusion of simple carbohydrates.But nowadays, patients' diets are compiled separately -KBZHU calculates.You can often hear from diabetics themselves: "There is no strict ban on diabetes, only a healthy lifestyle."
The diet is based on a glycemic index that shows the suction rate of sugar.
The high glycemic index has high content with simple carbohydrates.These include confectionery, jam, cookies, etc., that is, sugar is absorbed quite quickly.Croats, vegetables and fruits are in a low index and the suction rate is reduced.This allows the pancreas to cope with the load more easily.
Important:The patient's diet should include products that are below 55 glycemic index.They are gradually cleaved and blood glucose levels are practically not increased.
Each product has its own insulin index.This indicator shows how much insulin increases after a meal.All patients with diabetes should be taken into account to predict that the body's reaction to the use of a particular food and to calculate the dose of the insulin as a drug as a medicine is short and long.The injections of the medicine are prescribed by a doctor after a meal.
In fact, the patient is eaten and the meal is in any case to release insulin.The development of insulin resistance is often determined by the number of "insulin patterns" thus called.The more there, the greater the likelihood of resistance.The latter, in turn, leads to the development of type 2 diabetes.Let's give an example.
Many tend to think that dairy products and fermented dairy products such as cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt, perfect snack.In fact, these products have a very high insulin index.Thus, the use of these forces the swinging, which leads to a change in the patient's emotional background, bad mood and irritability.
Below is the basis of the nutrition of diabetes.
Diet for type 1 diabetes
The proper balanced diet of type 1 diabetes opens the following options: reducing the risk of stroke, heart attack and complications, maintaining normal blood glucose levels, increasing immune protective mechanisms and getting rid of overweight.Depending on the diet recommended by the attending physician, the patient will have a good time.
The main rule is the regulation of blood glucose levels, which should change between 3.5 and 5.5 mmol/l.The basic principles of nutrition are as follows:
- More than 2,000 kilocalories should not be consumed daily.
- Fractionated force in small portions.At least 5 meals per day.
- Do not allow pure sucrose in the diet, which maintains normal glucose.
- Most carbohydrates should be in the first half of the day.
- Abstinence from late food.
- Maximum exclusion of simple carbohydrates found in baking, jams, sweets and honey.
- Using saccharin.Stevia is perfect here.It is important to prefer natural products.
- Structure of the graph of insulin therapy during food.The protracted medicine is given before a meal, a short -acting medicine is administered.
- Keeping bookkeeping of bread units.The value of each bet cannot be higher than 8 bread units.
If the patient is in the history of the gastrointestinal tract, it should be excluded from salted, smoked, greasy (including bulbs), coffee, soda, alcohol, fungi, and canned stocks.In other words, what contributes to excessive secretion of enzymes should not be used as they affect the speed of carbohydrates absorption.
In the case of diabetics, the products are permitted and forbidden.The following classification should be taken into account when compiling the weekly menu.The competent approach normalizes blood glucose levels.Ignoring the recommendations of nutritionists can have sad consequences.
Products for type 1 diabetes:
- Baking without yeast.For example, Lavash.
- Berries and fruits.For example, plums, cherries, citrus fruits, apples, pear.
- Soy products (tofu, milk).
- Cereals and cereals (barley, oatmeal, buckwheat).
- Vegetarian soups, including soups.
- Drinks, including poorly carbonated mineral water, berries from mouses, unsweetened compots.
- Vegetables.For example, onions, zucchini, pepper, beet, carrots.
- Walnut.
- Nick -lily coffee, tea without sugar.
Forbidden products for type 1 diabetes:
- Fat soups and broths.
- Dough.
- Bakery.
- Confectionery.
- Sweets and chocolate.
- Fast food food, semi -finished products.
- Alcohol.A special ban on red dessert wine.
- Smoked, sharp, heavily salted.
- Fatty meat, especially pork, lamb, duck.
- Fat fish.For example, mackerel.
It is important that the products in the diet have minimal processing during their processing.
We recommend eating raw vegetables and fruits, but in stew, cooked or baked - this is also allowed.Doctors do not recommend fried foods.
If the patient is exercising, the food can be adjusted during intense loads as the workout leads to higher carbohydrates.
In order to avoid hyperglycemic coma, the patient in his diet is recommended for the involvement of plant products, which lowers blood sugar levels.For example, it can be a blueberry decoction or lace tea.
Important:In the presence of the disease, the patient should adhere to the unique diet prescribed by the participating medical endocrinologist, not the general recommendations.If a patient who does insulin, the body weight index indicates obesity, the daily calorie must be between 1200 and 1400 kcal.If there is no need for weight correction, the daily calorie ratio will increase.
Diet for type 2 diabetes
The diet of type 2 diabetes is based on the following principles:
- Sweeteners are an alternative to refined carbohydrates.
- Proteins should be the diet, the fats - 30%, the carbohydrates should be 50%.
- The consumption of animal fats should be reduced to 50%.
Daily calorie intake depends on how much energy the patient spends during the day and weight.You need to have 5 meals during the day, foods that are either steamed or cooked.
Because diabetics have increased the sensitivity of the kidneys, they should not exaggerate protein foods.The diet should include foods that promote the metabolism of fats.These include bran, lace flowers, vegetable oils, cereals and fermented dairy products.
In order to understand how effective the diet is, the patient prescribes blood glucose tests at some intervals.The first blood is on an empty stomach, the next two hours later.If the results differ from normal values, the doctor will adjust the patient's diet and change the dose of medicines.
The power supply of type 2 diabetes is no different from the food habits of people in a healthy lifestyle.Each of them, all, feed on small portions, but often.The daily recommended number of meals contain 5 main foods, each equal to 5-8 bread units and 2 bitelings, which are equal to 1-2 bread units.
You can't ignore breakfast, this is very important for rational food.Eat at least every 4 hours, the last meal at the latest one and a half hours before going to bed.Adherence to the above recommendations show excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system, eye lesions (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy) and nervous system (neuropathy).
Useful products for diabetes mellitus
Ginger
Ginger has a positive effect on metabolism, normalizes the patient's blood sugar level and improves blood coagulation.We recommend that you use it daily.
Wholegrain cereals
Products such as whole grain bread, cinema and brown rice prevent diabetes.Normalization of glucose levels in the blood can be explained by sufficient quantities in the composition of the fiber.Because whole grain cereals create an obstacle to sugar jumps, with a strange desire to eat something with a high glycemic index, it is imperative to add complex carbohydrates to the vessel.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon promotes the sensitivity of cells to insulin.This spice is involved in regulating the level of insulin.It also normalizes blood pressure and is therefore recommended not only for diabetics but also for hypertension.
Cyruses
Any citrus fruits have antioxidants.The level of insulin is also normalized.
Nuts
The walnut contains a large amount of mono -filled fat and magnesium.Statistics show that patients with diabetes who regularly eat nuts are less than others from glucose jumps.
Olive oil
The use of olive oil is an excellent prevention of cardiovascular disease.In addition, the product regulates blood glucose levels.
Fish
The fish is the source of omega-3.These fatty acids are a mandatory component of the diet of diabetes.They synthesize red blood cells and cell membranes, positively affect the absorption of vitamins and minerals with the body, reduce inflammation and prevent insulin resistance.
Legumes
The legumes in the patient's blood are another stabilizer of glucose levels.There is virtually no saturated fat that damages the cardiovascular system.
Green sheets
Salad leaves, spinach, all types of cabbage are based on diet in diabetes.Such products are low calories, but at the same time contain sufficient amounts of useful material.The latter include vitamin C, beta-carotene and magnesium.These elements prevent type 2 diabetes by 14 %.Recommended dosage - 106 grams per day.
Forbidden products for diabetes mellitus
Nowadays, doctors are of the opinion that it is not necessary to strictly limit patients with diabetes.Patients can afford to be tasty and diverse, but many products that are recommended are recommended not only for diabetics but also for all supporters of a healthy lifestyle.
Some fruits
Some fruits and dried fruits trigger an increase in blood sugar.These include dried apricots, dates, figs, raisins, dates, melon, grape, banana.
Transfer
Transfiners are rich in the fast food menu and in foods from margarine and confectioners.Not only health but also a number of health.
Semi -elaborate products
Semi -developed products are made using additives, such as aromas, stabilizers, and aroma producers.In particular, it is not recommended to buy fish, slices, meatballs, sausages, dumplings and sausages in stores.If you really want, it is better to cook them yourself.
Fat food
Fat food provides blood sugar levels.Diabetes power should not contain ducks, pork, lamb, fat, mayonnaise and fatty dairy products.
Bakery
The asso baking should also be excluded.This includes bakery products, muffins and cookies.
Sweet
Sugar should be left in pure form and large quantities of products.During the ban: ice cream, milk chocolate, jam, halo, jam, jam and other sweets.
Table 9 for diabetes
In the first quarter of the twentieth century, 15 diabetes and patients with other diseases developed diets.Their author belongs to a well -known nutritionist.Although its system is obsolete these days, it has not lost its efficiency, so many doctors are still using it today.
Location for patients with type 2 diabetes - 9 tables.Table 9 is based on the same principles used today: partial or complete rejection of fast carbohydrates, special attention to proteins and fiber.
The diet is still applicable, despite being created more than 100 years ago, but endocrinologists perform their own adaptation depending on the patient's condition.
Diet for pregnancy diabetes
Pregnancy diabetes is a result of a disorder of pregnant woman's pancreas.As a general rule, this condition is easy to check.The main rule is to eat reasonably.
- Do not consume sugar, cakes, cakes, sdoba, high sugar -containing fruits, and sugar reinstallation and products containing it.
- BJU must have the following ratios - 30 %, 20 %, 50 %.
- Drink 1.5-2 liters of drinking water daily.
- Contains starch products into the diet, including cereals, legumes, battles, beets, radishes and fermented dairy products.
- Fresh fruits are perfect for a snack.
- The total number of food is 5, of which 3 are the main and 2 snacks.
- Do not ignore the use of vitamin complexes for pregnant mothers.
- To reduce sugar, drink decoctions from plants: celery, linden, purple, blueberries and beans.
- Refuses or restricts caffeine in the diet.The number of tea and coffee doses should not exceed 2 days.
Diabetes mellitus in children
The main causes of children's diabetes develop are hereditary predisposition or lack of rational nutrition.In the latter case, we are talking about simple carbohydrates and sweet abuse.In some cases, a child's diabetes appears as a result of mental or physical trauma.Treatment is selected separately, depending on the severity of the disease, the main role is played by nutrition and the introduction of insulin when it comes to type 1 diabetes.
The nutrition of children in diabetes should contain vegetables: cabbage, onions, spinach and garlic.There are fruits, but only those that contain minimal amounts of sugar.Low fatty meat, poultry and fish are allowed.Dairy products - provided that the percentage of fat content is low.Allowed spices that improve the absorption of proteins are acceptable.
Confectionery and sweet fruits - under strict ban.We also recommend rice to be excluded.
Participating doctors teach their parents of their minor patients the amount of bread units and the administration of insulin.Important: The sooner the child learns to do this alone, the better.
Alcohol to diabetes mellitus
Alcohol is recommended to be strictly limited if it cannot be completely abandoned.The doctor determines a patient with diabetes with diabetes.
Alcohol is permitted in a small amount, but here it is important to remember some things.
The stronger the alcohol, the more calories it has.100 grams of pure alcohol is 710 kilocalories, which is not much less than fat.Whatever alcohol consumption has energy value, it also has carbohydrates.A glass of beer is about 200 kilocalories and a glass of wine is about 100.
Why not recommend alcohol consumption?The fact is that it provokes sugar jumps and can lead to hypoglycemia, ie suddenly reducing glucose levels.When drinking alcohol, the alcohol enters the liver, translates organ energy to break down the alcohol molecules and forgets that glucose must also be released.To prevent this, it is better to take alcohol in a meal or immediately after a meal.
Incidentally, some scientists believe that reasonable amounts of alcohol are not only harmful, but also few benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes.
It is important to note that alcohol provokes the increase in glucose levels, and regular use can lead to the development of second type of diabetes.
In addition, many drugs cannot be combined with alcohol.Among them are insulin and sulfonyl -mochevina.This combination can trigger strong hyperglycemia.
How to drink alcohol with diabetes?
- Consider the calorie content of alcohol along with the usual diet.
- Enter low -calorie drinks with little calories.
- Do not drink on an empty stomach.
- Eat alcohol.
- Check blood glucose levels.
- In a company where you drink alcohol, warn your illness.Let people get ready for emergency assistance if necessary.
- Do not mix alcohol and medicine.